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Political party game

Mafia
Playing mafia game.jpg

Players making accusations in a game of Mafia

Other names Werewolf
Designers Dimitry Davidoff
Players At least 6 for classic[one]
Setup fourth dimension < 6 minutes
Playing time 15–xc minutes
Skills required Strategic thought, team play, social skills, roleplay, lying

Mafia, also known every bit Werewolf, is a social deduction game, created past Dimitry Davidoff in 1986.[ii] The game models a conflict between ii groups: an informed minority (the mafiosi or the werewolves), and an uninformed majority (the villagers). At the start of the game, each role player is secretly assigned a role affiliated with one of these teams. The game has ii alternating phases: first, a night role, during which those with night killing powers may covertly kill other players, and second, a twenty-four hour period role, in which surviving players debate the identities of players and vote to eliminate a suspect. The game continues until a faction achieves its win status; for the village, this usually ways eliminating the evil minority, while for the minority this usually means reaching numerical parity with the hamlet and eliminating any rival evil groups.

History [edit]

Dimitry Davidoff (Russian: Дми́трий Давы́дов, Dmitry Davydov) is generally acknowledged as the game'southward creator. He dates the start game of Mafia to bound 1987 at the Psychology Department of Moscow State Academy, from where information technology spread to the classrooms, dorms, and summer camps of Moscow Academy.[3] [Annotation 1] Wired attributes the cosmos to Davidoff and also dates the first game to 1987.[iv] He adult the game to combine psychology research with his duties teaching high school students.[4] It became popular in other Soviet colleges and schools, oft associated with hugely popular TV series La Piovra, which commencement ran in 1986. In the 1990s it began to exist played in other parts of Europe and so the Us. By the mid 1990s a version of the game became a Latvian television series (with a parliamentary setting, and played by Latvian celebrities).[5]

Andrew Plotkin gave the rules a werewolf theme in 1997,[half-dozen] arguing that the mafia were not that big a cultural reference, and that the werewolf concept fit the idea of a hidden enemy who looked normal during the daytime.[4] Mafia and a variant chosen Thing[Notation 2] have been played at science fiction writers' workshops since 1998,[seven] and take become an integral part of the annual Blaring[viii] and Viable Paradise[9] workshops. The Werewolf variant of Mafia became widespread at major tech events, including the Game Developers Conference, ETech, Foo Camps, and South By Southwest.[iv] In 1998 the Kaliningrad College school of the Internal Diplomacy Ministry published the methodical textbook Nonverbal communications. Developing role-playing games 'Mafia' and 'Murderer' for a class on Visual psychodiagnostics, to teach reading trunk language and nonverbal signals.[ten] In September 1998 Mafia was introduced to the Graduate Higher at Princeton Academy, where a number of variants were developed.[11] The werewolf theme was also incorporated in the French adaption of Mafia, The Werewolves of Millers Hollow.

In August 2000, a user under the alias "mithrandir" of The Gray Labyrinth, a website devoted to puzzles and puzzle solving, ran a game of Mafia adapted for play on a forum lath.[12] Both The Grey Labyrinth[13] and sis site MafiaScum[14] claim that this was the first game of Mafia run on a forum lath. From there, Mafia has spread to numerous online communities.

In March 2006 Ernest Fedorov was running a Mafia Club in Kyiv, using his own patented variation of the rules. The club organizes games, rates players, and awards prizes (including a Sicily trip for their tournament-series champion).[xv]

In June 2006 a Rockingham school enquiry was launched after parents complained of the traumatic effects classroom Mafia was having on their 5th-course children. Davidoff responded to the reports, proverb that every bit a parent who had studied child psychology for 25 years, he felt that the game could "teach kids to distinguish correct from incorrect", and that the positive message of beingness honest could overcome the negative effects of an "evil narrator" moderating the game as if it were a scary story.[sixteen]

Mafia is one of the 50 most historically and culturally significant tabletop games since 1800 according to near.com.[17]

Gameplay [edit]

Cards for a Werewolf version of Mafia are held by the dealer at the beginning of the game.

In its simplest grade, Werewolf is played by two teams: the werewolves and the villagers. Live games require a moderator who does not participate every bit a player, and identities are assigned past handing out cards, or past other non-verbal methods such as physically tapping players. At the start of the game, every werewolf is given the identities of their teammates, whereas the innocents only receive the number of werewolves in the game, and exercise not know which players are werewolves and which are villagers.

In an open setup, the numbers of each power role (eastward.g. militia) nowadays in the game is known to the players, while in a closed setup, this information is not revealed, and in a semi-open up setup, merely limited or tentative information virtually the ability roles is revealed. Thus, in an open or semi-open setup, if information technology is revealed that no militia are nowadays in the game, information technology volition not be possible for a werewolf to plausibly claim a militia role.

In that location are ii phases: nighttime and 24-hour interval. At dark, certain players secretly perform special actions; during mean solar day, players talk over and vote to eliminate one thespian. These phases alternate with each other until all werewolves accept been eliminated or they accomplish numerical parity with the innocents.

Some players may be given roles with special abilities. Common special roles include:

  • seer — a villager who may learn the team of one player every night;
  • protector — a villager who may protect a thespian from existence killed every nighttime, just can only do so one time in each game;
  • masons — village-aligned players who can recognize each other

Andrew Plotkin recommends having exactly ii mafiosi,[3] whereas the original Davidoff rules propose a third of the players (rounding to the nearest whole number) exist mafiosi. Davidoff's original game does not include roles with special abilities.[1] In his rules for "Werewolf", Plotkin recommends that the first phase be night and that there be an odd number of players (including the moderator). These specifications avert a necktie votes for eliminations and ensure that the game will end dramatically on an elimination rather than anticlimactically with murder as a foregone decision.[3]

Nighttime [edit]

All players close their eyes. The moderator then instructs all werewolves to open their optics and acknowledge their accomplices. The werewolves pick a "victim" past silently gesturing to indicate their target and to show unanimity so close their eyes again.

A similar procedure occurs for other roles with nightly deportment. In the case of the seer, the moderator may point the target's innocence or guilt by using gestures such as nodding or caput shaking.

Werewolves discussing whom to kill during the night

Night may be accompanied by players borer gently to mask sounds made by gesturing.[18]

Day [edit]

During the "mean solar day" phase, players vote on whom to eliminate

The moderator instructs players to open their eyes and announces who "died" the previous night. Word ensues among the living players. At whatever point, a player may accuse someone of beingness a werewolf and prompt others to vote to eliminate them. If over half of the players practise and so, the accused person is eliminated and night begins. Otherwise, the phase continues until an elimination occurs.[3]

Co-ordinate to some rules, the role of dead players should non be revealed; co-ordinate to others, for example, if the protector dies, nobody should know that.[6] [18] In both cases, dead players are not permitted to attempt to influence the remainder of the game.

Because players have more freedom to deliberate, days tend to be longer than nights.

Game theory [edit]

Mathematical study [edit]

Mafia is a complicated game to model, so most analyses of optimal play have assumed both (a) that there are merely townsfolk and Mafiosi and (b) that the townsfolk never have a probability of identifying the Mafia that is better than risk. Early treatment of the game concentrated on simulation,[nineteen] while more recent studies have tried to derive airtight-grade equilibrium solutions for perfect play.

In 2006, the reckoner scientists Braverman, Etesami and Mossel proved that without detectives and with perfect players the randomized strategy is optimal for both citizens and mafia. When at that place is a big enough number of players to give both groups similar probability of winning, they showed that the initial number of mafiosi m needs to be proportional to the square root of the total number of players P, that is yard ∝ P {\displaystyle {\textstyle m\propto {\sqrt {P}}}} .[twenty] With a simulation, they confirmed that 50 mafiosi would have nigh a 50% risk to win among 10,000. The Mafia's take a chance of victory is

W(g, P) ≈ g / √P ,

which is a good approximation when the right hand side is below 40%. If whatever detectives are added to the game, Braverman et al. proved that the number of Mafiosi must remain at a fixed proportion of the full number of players for their chance of winning to remain constant.[Annotation three]

In 2008, Erlin Yao derived specific belittling bounds for the mafia'southward win probability when there are no detectives.[21]

In a newspaper[22] from 2010, the exact formula for the probability that the mafia wins was constitute. Moreover, it was shown that the parity of the initial number of players plays an important role. In particular, when the number of mafiosi is fixed and an odd player is added to the game (and ties are resolved past coin flips), the mafia-winning take a chance practice not drop only ascension by a gene of approx. π / ii {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\pi /2}}} (equality in the limit of the infinite number of players).

Results in live play [edit]

In alive (or videoconference[23]) existent-time play, the innocents typically win more often than game theory suggests. Several reasons for this accept been advanced:

  • The physiological stress of sustained lying degrades the initial power of mafioso to deceive the innocents, much more than a model of perfect play would predict, specially if the innocents can get the town emotionally involved in the game's outcome:

If you're trying to feign daze or anger, information technology'south much harder to exercise over a long menstruation. People accused of something they're trying to hide will start out feigning outrage – 'How cartel you ask me that?' But that volition start to change to objection rather than shock, as it's psychologically very difficult to mimic emotion.

  • The data revealed by the mafiosi voting patterns tells against them later in the game. One of the game's fans Max Ventilla, has said that "If the villagers are allowed to keep a pencil and paper, they always win."[24]
  • As players get more than experienced, their strategic sophistication and ability to spot and use deception increases.[25] They volition typically get better at the skills needed for playing innocents faster, existence villagers more often than mafiosi.
  • The Metagame attribute: Dimma Davidoff has said past connections volition always lose to futurity collaborations.[four] When playing several Mafia games with the same people, it'southward more helpful to be known for honesty than for cant. Davidoff considers that so important that he thinks the advantages of playing the mafioso office honestly, outweigh the disadvantages.

But, the Mafia can win in alive play; their best run a risk of winning occurs when mafioso bond with their innocent neighbours and convince those neighbours to value that bond over dispassionate analysis.[24] [26] The game designers Salen and Zimmerman have written that the deep emergent social game play in Mafia (combined with the fear of elimination) create platonic conditions for this.[27]

Optional roles [edit]

These additional roles are named differently in the many versions of Mafia, for thematic flavor, or historical reasons. Also, the same office-name can have differing functions across dissimilar versions of the game.[28] What follows is a general list of function types establish in Mafia variants; since the specific names vary by milieu it must exist non-exhaustive.

Investigative roles [edit]

Players with these roles use their own night-phase to observe something about other players. Though the standard game at present includes the basic Detective, these roles are optional, and games can exclude them entirely (such as the stool pigeon variant, or Davidoff's original rules).

Investigative roles (standard) [edit]

  • —Detective, Seer, Commandant,[29] Sheriff,[thirty] Police, etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the Detective can find whether a player is a mafioso. They will typically wake up, and point at i person; the Narrator will silently indicate to the Detective whether that actor is Mafia or Innocent. In some versions of the game, the Detective's investigation result is announced publicly by the Narrator, for instance the Detective establish a Mafioso!. More ordinarily, no announcement is fabricated. As with other roles, which player is the detective is non by and large known, leaving anyone the option of pretending to exist the Detective.
A Detective is unremarkably included in modern games. For example, somebody is e'er assigned this role in all commercial card game versions,[Note 4] and virtually all net-based, and most contiguous games beginning with at least one detective.[Notation 5] Multiple detectives either human activity in separate nighttime phases (unaware of the identities of other detectives)[31] or work together as the police (an clan role).

Investigative roles (less common) [edit]

  • —Psychic, Wizard, Fortune Teller, Oracle, Tracker, Watcher, etc.
Psychic, Psychologist, or Sorcerer-type investigators can determine other players' roles, rather than their alignments.[28] Roles which detect other roles are normally implemented in the same mode as the Detective'due south ability to determine alignment. For example: the Psychologist points to a role player (at night) for a Thumbs-upwardly from the moderator if the Vigilante is pointed to.[Notation vi] A Tracker may meet what someone'south dark action was, or the target of their action, while a Watcher may run into all those who visited someone at night.
Information revealed to investigators is fallible (in more complicated variants). Online versions tin can give information with a conviction level, and in other variants the Narrator deceives the Detective by showing all players every bit Innocent, all as Guilty, giving reversed results, or random data (these can be termed as Naive,[32] Paranoid, Insane, or Random respectively). Additionally, some Alignment roles give immunity to successful investigation.[Note 7]
In some games, there are Mafia Detectives, who accept the power of a normal detective but are on the Mafia side. The Super Commandant has the standard ability of a Detective, while also protecting the investigated from night-time set on.

Omniscient roles [edit]

  • —Witness, Child, Fiddling Girl, etc.
Instead of having to investigate, some innocent roles give complete information on the unabridged mafia: The witness is told who the mafia are during the first night, while the mafia are not told the witness'southward identity (differing from the stool pigeon in not being a function of the mafia).
The Picayune Girl in Werewolf and Werewolves of Miller's Hollow is allowed to secretly peek and watch equally the werewolves choose their victim; if discovered doing so by the Werewolves, she dies of fright.[Annotation 8]

Protective roles [edit]

  • —Guardian Angel, Md, Bodyguard, Hero, Jailer, etc.
Allied with the Innocents, the Medico-blazon function defends others at night.[Annotation 9] Typically, they will awaken at night after the Mafia have gone back to sleep and point at ane person to protect; that person will survive whatever night-time attack.[Note 10] They are typically immune to protect themselves, and are commonly barred from protecting the same target on successive nights.[33] A Guardian Affections tin just protect others. The Nurse gains the Doctor's abilities if the Doctor dies.[Notation xi] The Jailer protects innocents only like the doctor, simply also simultaneously blocks their night action. The Firewoman,[34] or the Herbalist can protect from some nighttime-time attacks but not others (in Werewolf, for example, they cull one person to protect with wolfsbane, but that person may withal exist killed by the Serial Killer). Other games limit this ability to a sure number of times.[Note 12]

Killing roles [edit]

  • —Vigilante, Veteran, Hunter, Bomb, Woodcutter, etc.
Aside from Mafia, Werewolves, and Serial Killers (lonely guilty parties), the Innocents may have some roles with the ability to kill at night. The Vigilante is an innocent who kills every night, in their own night-time stage sometimes.[Annotation xiii] In some variations, the Vigilante has limited ammunition. Some variations introduce a time limit of ii nights before the player in the Killing Role can kill again. Other variations add the trait that if the Vigilante kills an innocent they either lose the ability to kill or die from guilt the next dark. The Veteran has a finite-utilise ability (usually iii); if activated, anyone who targets them (friend or foe) will exist killed. The Bomb may only trigger if targeted at dark (not necessarily for death) by some other office. Variants exist where this person tin impale during the daytime cycle (e.chiliad., the Terrorist / Gravedigger), sometimes only if executed during the daytime. The Woodcutter or Hunter tin can take 1 other person with them whenever they die.[Notation fourteen]

Alignment roles [edit]

  • —Miller, Godfather, Alpha Wolf, Wildcard, etc.
Some roles can fool investigations to decide their alignments: the Miller is an Innocent who appears guilty (ordinarily because they are an outsider); the Godfather, on the other hand, appears innocent despite being the Mafia leader.[Note xv] The Alpha Wolf or Master Werewolf have the aforementioned role every bit the Godfather in Werewolf settings.

Double-agent roles [edit]

  • —Traitor, Possessed, Hush-hush Cop, Godfather, etc.
The Traitor is not a mafioso (in that he does non awake at night and is not revealed every bit a mafioso by Detective type roles), just works to protect them and hamper the boondocks during the twenty-four hour period cycle, and wins merely with a Mafia victory.[35] Conversely, the Undercover Cop is a mole within the Mafia group who acts with the Mafia but wins with the innocents. The stool dove may be the merely optional role in play,[36] and makes upwards one of the few modern game forms to be played without an investigative office.
Distinct from the alignment-part Godfather, the double-amanuensis Godfather behaves as a standard mafioso, only wakes again (after the Mafia sleep) to perform an actress impale. This Godfather-office wins only if he survives.

Role manipulators [edit]

  • —Role-blocker, Jitney Driver, Thief, Barman, Witch, etc.
These roles can cease or alter the night deportment of others; for example, they may prevent a protection or investigation from occurring, or they may alter the target.[37] The Office-blocker can block the Vigilante for a night, while the Thief, Prostitute or Hypnotizer might be able to disable the powers of whatsoever selected target.[Note 16]
When the thief is used in Werewolves, an additional townsfolk card is added before dealing, and the Thief may choose on the first night to steal the role of another player or to take the unused role card. The player whose function was stolen gets the unused office card and the Thief card is discarded.

Recruitment roles [edit]

  • —Godfather, Psychiatrist, Piper, Cult Leader, etc.
The Mafia Godfather may be able to recruit innocent players into their faction under certain circumstances. The Yakuza is a regular mafia role player with an actress ability: they may sacrifice themselves from the second night (during the night) and choose an innocent to join the mafia.[Note 17]
Each night, the scientist selects a actor to cure; if a mafioso is cured, they awaken as an innocent.[38] The Psychiatrist is an innocent with the ability to convert the Serial Killer into a normal innocent.[39]
Cult Leaders recruit followers at dark instead of kill; they human action as an independent faction, ordinarily with the ability to talk at dark.
The Piper wins by charming every surviving player; she charms players at night, who and so know each other (but not the piper) but are otherwise unaffected.[33]

Association roles [edit]

  • —Freemasons (Masons), Siblings, Lovers, Police, etc.
Possessors of these roles know one another and what their roles are.[40] On the innocent'due south side, a Mason unremarkably has no special abilities, but knows the identity of all other Masons and that all Masons are also innocent.[41] Every member of the detectives or the police knows all the rest, because they interact at dark to investigate someone (sharing the powers of the Detective role between them).[42]
Sibling pairs typically consist of one Mafia and one Innocent; in most versions, if 1 is killed, the other besides dies.[43] Cupid in Werewolf chooses a pair of Lovers on the first nighttime.[44] In this variant, the Lovers can also win the game (regardless of whether they are Mafia, Innocents, or both) by being the final two standing. Like Siblings, however, if 1 of the pair dies, the other dies also.

Election roles [edit]

  • —Doublevoter, Priest, Rabble Rouser, Lawyer, etc.
Until the Rabble Rouser dies there are two eliminations per day.[33]
In some games in that location are players who tin change the vote count. Some players have 2 votes (Doublevoter); some players can only bandage the last vote to impale a thespian (Histrion); cannot vote to eliminate (Voteless Innocent);[45] must consul someone else to vote for them (Fool), or require 1 fewer vote to eliminate (Hated Innocent). The Priest cannot place the last vote (this role is non necessarily the same as the Downtime-function priest). The lawyer selects someone during the night, and if that person tops the elimination vote the next twenty-four hour period, saves them (a different lawyer office releases the wills written by players killed upwards to that point, when she dies).

Public roles [edit]

  • —Mayor, Judge, Sheriff, President, etc.
This role is taken in addition to the assigned function, and it endows the player with additional, overt, powers (particularly during the daytime). Empowerment can exist random, but is unremarkably made by vote. For example, the Mayor or Sheriff tin exist elected each morning, and gain 2 elimination votes,[47] or a Judge could moderate discussion in parliamentary fashion (to the advantage of their team). The elected President has the sole elimination vote.[48] In the popular online Mafia variant Town of Salem, the Sheriff is a role which tin can interrogate people at nighttime to observe their role. The Godfather and the Arsonist are undetectable by a Sheriff, and the Framer can frame a histrion (to appear equally a mafioso to the Sheriff).

Handicapped roles [edit]

  • —Murr, Drunk, Village Idiot, Teenage Werewolf, etc.
This may be a secondary role, taken in improver to the assigned role. However, information technology has the reverse upshot, giving the bearer a handicap, like speaking only gibberish in the example of the Village Boozer, etc.
Alternatively, information technology may exist a standard role with a particular constraint, such as the teenage werewolf who must say the word werewolf at least one time each day.[49]

Handicapper roles [edit]

  • —Silencer, Dentist, Prostitute, Fog, etc.
The Dentist may select any other histrion at night, and prevent them speaking during the following day.[33] The Silencer is a mafioso with the identical power, except that they may not silence the same player on successive days. The silenced private wakes in the morning and is immediately instructed not to talk until the end of the day. They can all the same raise their paw to vote in live games (although, if they were silenced past a prostitute, they are non immune to vote).[50]

Post-mortem roles [edit]

  • —Night Groundwork, Priest, Medium, Coroner, etc.
The dark background roles are standard (mafia or innocent) except for revealing a deceptive alignment when killed. The Chiliad.E. gathers information from the killings that tin can help the innocents, while the Priest learns about the alignment of the dead in the same way that the Detective learns about the living.[51] The Medium can interrogate expressionless players.[Annotation eighteen] While the coroner survives, the narrator volition explicate the means of expiry in all night kills.[38]

Reanimation roles [edit]

  • —Reviver, Governor, Martyr, Witch, etc.
Revivers and Master Revivers are able to resurrect expressionless players, Master Revivers can bring the revived into their clan (e.g., the Masons: encounter Association roles). The players resurrected past a Necromancer are converted to the Necromancer's alignment; those revived by the voodooist bring together a separate zombie group.[38] The Governor can reprieve those killed during the daytime, as tin can the Martyr if he sacrifices himself. The Witch has a (unmarried-use) revival potion. At night, she'south shown who will die in the morning, and can choose to salvage them.[Note 19]

Rule-immune Roles [edit]

  • —Bulletproof, Oracle, Elderberry, etc.
The Bulletproof innocent is invulnerable at night,[Annotation 20] though usually with limits; for example, the Elder will survive the first dark attack, but non the second.[33]
The Oracle has an investigative role similar to a Seer but as well has the power to talk when inactive (talking in a sleep stage is usually a rule infraction).

Special roles [edit]

  • —Baker, Chef, Village Idiot, Cobbler, etc.
The baker is on the side of the innocents. During the night, the baker gives one thespian a loaf of bread, potentially revealing their identity. If the bakery dies, the innocents have just three nights to dispose of the mafia, or the innocents starve, and the mafia win. The Cobbler,[33] Villager, or Jester has the objective of convincing the town to kill them, or is required to vote in favor of all proposed eliminations. Sometimes, successful elimination of the Village Idiot results in the mafia being able to impale two people that night.

Complicated roles [edit]

Additional variations exist, sometimes with even more specialized or complicated abilities. At that place are many special roles, and many moderators design novel roles for each game. Some commercial variants ship with blank cards to allow this customization.[52] For example, neutral factions such as the serial killer could exist (the serial killer would accept to kill everyone, innocent or mafia, to win).

Variations [edit]

The naming of various roles, factions, and other elements of play is theme-dependent and has limitless variation. Common alternative themes restyle the mafia as werewolves, cultists, assassins, or witches, with other roles being renamed appropriately.

Over the years, players have created Mafia variants that include additional rules. Some of these are listed here.

Variations on the win atmospheric condition [edit]

If in that location are as many mafiosi equally innocents in the day-stage then a mafia victory is alleged immediately, under the original Mafia rules. With the power to deny a majority at an elimination vote, remaining mafiosi cannot exist eliminated unless innocent/neutral killing roles exist. Other variants suspend this dominion, and only declare the game after every member of one faction has been eliminated: this makes the game easier to explain, and to run.[53]

Election variants [edit]

Nominees for elimination may exist allowed to make a spoken communication in their own defense. Usually, each player must vote, can but vote once and cannot vote for themselves. But some variants have a more than complicated process of selecting players to exist executed. Davidoff's original 'Mafia' allowed multiple day-fourth dimension executions (per day), each needing only a plurality to action.[54]

Voting variants abound, but whatsoever emptying usually requires an absolute bulk of the electorate, or votes bandage. And so the voting is normally not past clandestine ballot for multiple candidates with the highest vote count eliminated; it is more usual for the voting to be openly resolved either by:

  • A nomination or serial of elections structured to ultimately offer a choice between two candidates, or
  • An option to eliminate (or non eliminate) one suspect (with a new doubtable produced if the last one survives the vote).[53]

Tied votes [edit]

Deadlocked elections can be resolved past lot[20] or past killing the thespian with the scapegoat special office.[iv]

The special instance of one mafioso and one innocent remaining can be decided randomly[55] or exist ruled a Mafia win—this is more usual in live play.[56]

Optional emptying variant [edit]

The Innocents can choose not to kill everyone during the solar day. Although ordinarily unsure of Mafia identities, the Innocents are more likely to randomly kill a mafioso than are the Mafia (at nighttime). Therefore, not eliminating anyone (fifty-fifty at random) will typically favor the Mafia.

Notwithstanding, when the number of survivors is even, No Kill may help the Innocents; for case, when three Innocents and one mafioso remain – voting for No emptying gives a 1/3 chance of killing the mafioso the adjacent solar day, rather than a 1/4 chance today (assuming random elimination).

Mafia killing methods [edit]

Some variants require all Mafia members to choose the same victim independently for a kill to succeed. This tin can be achieved in the following means:

  • By waking the Mafia members up separately.[57]
  • By calling out the names of all surviving players and requiring surviving mafiosi to raise their easily when the name of the victim is called out. In this variant, the mafiosi merely "wake up" (open their optics) at the very beginning of the game when they identify each other. This variant also allows other roles to have their actions by simply raising their easily when their target's name is called out.
  • By having them write their kills. Under this variant, Innocent players write the word 'honest' on a slice of paper; Mafia members write the name of a role player for elimination. If all the mafia notes have the aforementioned name on them, that player is considered killed by the Mafia.

In some online versions of the game, a particular player (the Godfather or a designated mafioso) must transport in the kill.

Another variant requires the night-time vote to exist secret and unanimous, but allows multiple players to be added to the execution queue to ensure unanimity.

Multiple families [edit]

Multiple, contained groups of mafia or werewolves[58] human activity and win independently, giving faster game-play and the potential for cantankerous-burn between the factions.

Attributes [edit]

In this variant, players are given ii cards: the showtime contains their role, the 2d an attribute. Attributes were originally derived from roles that could apply to both Mafia and Innocent alignments such every bit Bulletproof (cannot be killed at night), Mayor (has two votes in the emptying), and Siamese Twins (more commonly known as Siblings or Lovers).[59]

Quantum Werewolf [edit]

This variant was adult past Steven Irrgang and used for a puzzle in the 2008 CISRA Puzzle Competition. The deviation from a standard game of Mafia is that players are not initially assigned roles, simply rather on each twenty-four hours are given the probabilities describing the game's current breakthrough state. Each player with a non-zilch probability of beingness a seer or a werewolf performs the appropriate nighttime deportment (which may non exist effective if it is subsequently adamant that the thespian did not have that role). When a role player is killed, the wave part collapses and the players are given updated probabilities.[60]

Train Mafia [edit]

Traditional Mafia re-envisioned and heavily modified past the Copenhagen Game Collective to be played in a subway metro. In this variation, players who are eliminated are kicked off the railroad train (at the next end), and must wait in shame for the following train – a kind of 'afterlife' train – to bring together a second, interwoven game.[61]

Invisible Metropolis: Rebels vs. Spies [edit]

A location-based mobile gaming variant for Android, designed for metropolis heart play. The two factions are: the Rebels, the bulk; and the Spies, the informed minority. The dominion-set replaces expulsions with scoring by round. Each player is assigned an individual mission each round. Some missions are critical and if one of those fails, the round goes to the Spies, but only one player knows which missions are critical.[62]

Ultimate Werewolf [edit]

In this version of Mafia, the chief enemies are the werewolves, as opposed to the mafia. The werewolves wake at night to kill a role player, who is usually a Villager. Other helpful roles such as the Seer, Bodyguard, and Witch be to help purge the village of werewolves, merely other neutral roles exist such equally the Tanner, lovers (if Cupid is in the game and the lovers are from different teams), and a third major faction: Vampires.

Ane Night variant [edit]

In this standalone game published past Bezier Games, players only "sleep" and shut their eyes for a single night at the start of the game. They and so accept a unmarried day of give-and-take, with a single emptying. No players are eliminated every bit the game progresses. In that location is no moderator, so everyone gets to participate as a member of the town or hamlet. When playing this game, 3 more than role cards are used than the number of players; when everyone is randomly dealt out their card the three extra ones placed in the middle of the table. To brainstorm the game ane of the players, with eyes airtight, will deed every bit the "caller" on the unmarried starting nighttime, going through the nighttime roles once: Werewolves and Minions (if in play) will place each other, the Seer will examine i player'south card or ii of the middle cards, the Robber volition steal another player's part menu and supervene upon it with their own, the Troublemaker will blindly swap two players' role cards, the Insomniac wakes upwards to check if their role card has been swapped, etc. The game ends on a single elimination vote, with the villagers winning if a single werewolf is defenseless, and the werewolves winning if no werewolves are killed. This game can be played with as few every bit three players. Play fourth dimension can be as quick equally five minutes per game.[ commendation needed ]

Town of Salem [edit]

Town of Salem is an avant-garde online version of Mafia that takes place during the Salem witch trials. It involves several unlike roles from multiple factions.[63] The game was updated on June 6, 2017, to add a new faction: the Coven, which mainly consists of witches and is similar in function and goal to the more than traditional Mafia.[64]

Online play [edit]

Mafia tin can also be played online. Games can exist played on IRC channels, where a bot assumes the role of a game moderator and the interaction of players is conducted via textual communication.[65]

Playing mafia-similar games online opens the possibility of long lasting games, such as the ones on forums. In such games, one day in real life ordinarily corresponds to i day within the game, so players log in each morning time to come across who was killed during the nighttime phase.

Online games accept several advantages. There is no demand to gather many people in the same room, so organizing and playing a game of Mafia is faster and more user-friendly. Removing the human moderator and the need for players to shut their eyes removes the possibility of accidental revelation of information. Online play also allows role mechanics which would exist likewise cumbersome to use in a physical version of the game.

A drawback of online play is the lack of direct face-to-confront communication, which many consider the most important aspect of Mafia. Some sites organize Mafia games with spider web cams, so that face-to-face communication is preserved. The long lasting online mafia games that are usually played via online forums practise not necessarily take this drawback. People who communicate via forums normally exercise not know each other in real life.

In a traditional Mafia game, all of the players are in one room. There is no style to communicate with another player in private. With online games, this is not the case. Many Mafia game forums and game sites accept rules that mandate that only one aqueduct of advice must be used for all game related discussion.[66]

Artificial intelligence [edit]

Werewolf is a subject of artificial intelligence research due to its unique features such equally persuasion and deception.[67] The game requires several AI technologies such as multi-agent coordination, intentional reading, and understanding of the theory of heed.[68]

Deep learning has been used in an attempt to develop agents that can win the game as werewolves or as villagers.[69] Regular expressions have been used to parse utterance logs for divulgence (or "coming-out" as a part) and decision information, although ane difficulty has been that a statement such as "Thespian A is a werewolf" could be based on either the player's ability (due east.g. as seer) or just speculation.[lxx]

See likewise [edit]

  • Among U.s.
  • Assassin (game)
  • Gnosia
  • Bang! (card game)
  • The Resistance (game)
  • Town of Salem
  • Secret Hitler
  • Wink murder
  • Werewolves Within

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Plotkin quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a meme) from there to dormitories and probable over adjacent summertime, through student summertime camps. He credits this game-based methodology to pioneering 1920s psychologist Lev Vygotskiy.
  2. ^ In which the antagonists are Things, shape-shifting aliens that can turn humans into other Things. For the rules of the original variant, see: "Matter Werewolf Variant". . For a detailed description of some other variant of this game, see: Solis, Daniel. "Alien Amid United states of america". . For the almost recent variant using web-enabled devices, run across: "Latitude 90: The Origin".
  3. ^ The single detective publishes a large list of innocents, and asks to be lynched to guarantee its veracity (under the standard rules in which the detective'southward role is revealed afterwards she is killed, no strategic interference from the Mafia is possible): Braverman, M.; Etesami, O.; Mossel, E. (2008). "Mafia: A Theoretical Study of Players and Coalitions in a Partial Information Environment". Annals of Practical Probability. 18 (3): 12. arXiv:math/0609534. Bibcode:2006math......9534B. doi:ten.1214/07-aap456. S2CID 14668989.
  4. ^ As of Nov 2007, five card-based versions of this game are sold, and all require one player to become a Seer. The "Do you worship Cthulhu Deck Setup". specifies that a Seer card be dealt to someone even with the (minimum) five players. Similarly, the Lupus in Tabula Preparation calls for the Seer card to be dealt to somebody fifty-fifty if the game is played with the minimum number of players (eight). Getting Started with Ultimate Werewolf Role Selection advises that even the introductory game should include the Seer (with farther optional roles being added in addition to the seer in later games). Werewolves of Millers hollow uses the Fortune Teller name for the Detective merely the role is identical to the standard seer/angel/detective, and is over again mandatory, having its own phase of the night in the basic rules. (As does the Seer in Are You a Werewolf? – though it is after the werewolves' phase.)
  5. ^ For case, "The Mafia rules (MIT)". , from Massachusetts Constitute of Technology, are very simple, and specify roles for 7–xx players, always including at to the lowest degree one Detective. Andrew Plotkin'southward original Werewolf ever includes a Villager (Seer), and he mentions that in 1997 Mafia was played in the National Puzzlers' League convention with a Knight Commandant. (The role of the Knight Commandant or Knight is described in particular as having the standard Detective powers in: "National Puzzlers' League – 1997 Convention Reports". Archived from the original on 2007-12-08. Retrieved 2007-11-24 . ) Plotkin describes Davidoff'due south original game (which had no Detective) as well off the current average. A rare modern rule-set with No Inspector is: Engstrom, Vegard (1999). "The Game Histrion Constellations". Retrieved 2010-06-fifteen . only only when starting with five, larger groups get at least ane inspector.
  6. ^ For example, Vigilante in the "Princeton rules".
  7. ^ For instance, The Oracle in Werewolf chooses one person to investigate every night, and are shown their card, unless they option the Master Werewolf – when the Oracle is shown an (innocent) villager menu.
  8. ^ For example, as described on Ultimate Werewolf's Little Girl Card, and in the start not-introductory office suggested by Wired: The Child spies at nighttime when the werewolves are killing, and only when the werewolves are killing, by opening her eyes ever so slightly
  9. ^ Depending on the variant, they may know the identities of the Mafia, just this isn't required; they usually point the role player to protect in a dissever stage of gameplay (a separate function of the dark) than the Mafia'due south killing stage. The Mafia-Doctor is a mafioso, and a more obscure variant role, with the contrary power (from the Md) of protecting the guilty from attack during the day.
  10. ^ The protected role player gains consummate invulnerability during the night they are visited past the Doctor or Bodyguard. The Mafia do not ordinarily know the identity of the protected player, nor become a chance to select another victim, so this attack is wasted if the Mafia target a protected role player (due east.g., "Bodyguard, Lupus in Tabula". Archived from the original on 2005-12-24. Retrieved 2007-eleven-13 . ).
  11. ^ For case, see the 2+ii rule-ready describing the Nurse: "Mafia rules".
  12. ^ For example, the Witch in Werewolves of Miller'southward Hollow has only one use of her protective potion. She is allowed to see who was killed by the werewolves before applying the protective potion, and so this character is more typical of the reanimation than the protective type.
  13. ^ "Do yous worship Cthulu Roles and Quick Reference Script". Retrieved 2007-11-21 . . This makes the vigilante as lethal as the entire Mafia, potentially overbalancing the game, which has led to the introduction of roles that limit his effectiveness, such as the Walrus role-blocker.
  14. ^ The Hunter appears in Werewolves of Miller's Hollow, for case. The Woodcutter is a (less common) equivalent name for the role. Wired recommends including the hunter in even the about bones games: "Original Werewolf characters". Wired United kingdom. Jan 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-thirteen .
  15. ^ The Godfather role is played differently betwixt variants. If amnesty to detection is the Godfather's but power, his leadership of the Mafia need just exist nominal: "Name: Godfather". Archived from the original on 2007-02-27.
  16. ^ The thief's action usually applies for a single dark, as in: "Mafia Game: IRC Version". Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. . The thief sometimes has a purely investigative office – being just able to determine the roles from stolen items."Thief". Archived from the original on 2007-02-27.
  17. ^ Bennet, J. "Mafia: Advanced rules" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-x. In other variants, the mafia can't kill anyone else on the nighttime this ability is used. The potential beingness of a Yakuza makes innocents with protective roles less inclined to reveal their roles for fright of being converted (or more inclined to reveal themselves if they look the Mafia to win and wish to be converted).
  18. ^ The Medium part varies, for example come across summarized 'Medium-enabled seance' rules from Werewolf at: "boredgamegeeks". 8 September 2005. Retrieved 2007-11-14 . , as opposed to the Lupus in Tabula Medium, who alone can uncover the alignment of the deceased (run across: "Lupus in Tabula (English language rules) Special Characters". ).
  19. ^ The Witch was introduced as a special graphic symbol in The Werewolves of Millers Hollow, where she likewise has a unmarried-utilise killing potion. She may be able to revive herself with the "reanimation potion", see: Original Werewolf characters
  20. ^ The bulletproof upshot typically applies to nighttime-time killings and is usually temporary, for example, the Ultimate Werewolf Amulet of Protection (bulletproof belong equivalent) protects over only a single night. Rare optional roles practice give permanent protection from mafia attack, such as the Lupus in Tabula Werehamster Archived 2005-12-24 at the Wayback Machine

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "Archived re-create". members.theglobe.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 1999. Retrieved xv January 2022. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
  2. ^ François Haffner (22 Feb 1999). "Questions to Dimitry Davidoff about the creation of Mafia on the French website". Jeuxsoc.fr. Retrieved 2011-04-11 .
  3. ^ a b c d "Werewolf page History department".
  4. ^ a b c d e f 1000 Robertson, Margaret (4 Feb 2010). "Werewolf: How a parlour game became a tech phenomenon". Wired UK. Vol. 3, no. 10. Conde Nast Publications. Retrieved 2010-06-06 .
  5. ^ Danopoulos, C. P.; Zirker, D., eds. (December 1998). The Military machine and Order in the Erstwhile Eastern Bloc. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 175. ISBN978-0-8133-3524-7. OCLC 237326581. The objective is to discover who these [Mafia] people are even as they speak on behalf of Republic of latvia'due south welfare, and before they eliminate people who suspect who they are.
  6. ^ a b "Werewolf A Mind Game". is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version
  7. ^ "David Levine's Clarion Journal: Week vi". 2005-02-thirteen. Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 2022-03-02 .
  8. ^ "st_at_clarion: Clarion, Twenty-four hour period 33: She's mafia, I know she is!". 2012-03-ten. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 2022-03-02 .
  9. ^ See "Making Low-cal: Abode Once more". ; "Making Light: Traditional diversions". ; Azure, Chris. "Viable Paradise – Day ane". Archived from the original on 2011-08-17. ; Griffith, Eric. "A week in paradise". ; and Gordon, Barbara (30 December 2006). "Viable Paradise, day one". . Quoting Dvorin, Julia. "Viable Paradise: A Travelogue (Part 1)". Afterwards the introductions and instructions for the next day, I thought that perhaps we'd exist released and I could become see the room I was to exist staying in for the week and chill out a little from the travel. But such was not to be, for the calendar at present turned to the important bonding activeness of playing Mafia and Thing. So I pushed away the cranky traveler's whininess that was stalking me, and sat down in a circumvolve with a agglomeration of strangers and began to accuse them of lying and murder. Also: Gould, Steven (xxx September 2007). "Photo: semi-mandatory Mafia".
  10. ^ Петров С.В., Холопова Е.Н. «Невербальная коммуникация. Развивающие ролевые игры „Мафия「 и „Убийца「». Учебно-методическое пособие – Калининград: КВШ МВД России, 1998
  11. ^ "The Graduate Mafia Brotherhood at Princeton University". Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. . Retrieved 2014-05-16.
  12. ^ "Mafia!!". The Grayness Labyrinth. mithrandir. 20 Baronial 2000. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  13. ^ "Forum Index". The Grayness Labyrinth . Retrieved 21 July 2016. The Internet's Starting time Habitation of Mafia.
  14. ^ "History of the game". MafiaScum. 31 January 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2016. mith had been visiting [The Grey Labyrinth] since 1996, and started posting in the forums soon afterward they started. mith had played face-to-confront Mafia with his church building youth group in the belatedly 1990s, and 1 day decided it would run well on the forums. The original thread tin can still be plant here.
  15. ^ Berest, Pavlo (8 March 2006). "Intellectuals playing mafia games". Now the rules of the game are the intellectual property of Fedorov. The gild has its ain rules, run into: "Social club Империя Мафии".
  16. ^ Davis, Aaron (4 Baronial 2006). "School officials yet investigating 'Mafia'". Seacoast Media Group. One parent, Nicole Hollenbeck told The Rockingham News in June, My child has had sleepless nights, crying before bed considering she's afraid that she'll sleep walk and relive the tragic events they talked nearly in class [...] We teach our kids right from wrong, and this is what they are being taught?
  17. ^ Arneson, Erik. "Lath and Menu Games Timeline". . About.com also includes Mafia in the Superlative five Best Voting Games. The reason information technology is meaning is given: "Werewolf / Mafia". Archived from the original on 2007-xi-03. Retrieved 2007-11-25 . Werewolf is a favorite at game conventions and has been written nearly in several mainstream manufactures.
  18. ^ a b "Are You A Werewolf? Rules of Play". Looney Labs. Retrieved 2010-06-15 . Night-Dissonance: When anybody closes their eyes at night, information technology is best for people to too start humming, tapping the table, patting a knee, or making some noise. This will cover up whatever sounds made accidentally by the werewolves, the seer, or the moderator
  19. ^ For example Plotkin, A. "Werewolf Statistics". If we figure that 9 or 11 players is ideal for a two-wolf game, and we assume that these probabilities actually ways anything (heh heh), and then an ideal game has a human-win chance of 0.23 to 0.29. (Over again, for completely stupid humans.)
  20. ^ a b Braverman, Thousand.; Etesami, O.; Mossel, E. (2008). "Mafia: A Theoretical Study of Players and Coalitions in a Partial Information Environment". Annals of Applied Probability. xviii (2): 825–846. arXiv:math/0609534. Bibcode:2006math......9534B. doi:x.1214/07-AAP456. S2CID 14668989. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16.
  21. ^ Derivation is by recursion on decreasing numbers of players in the following round, see: Yao, Due east. "A Theoretical Study of Mafia Games" (pdf). p. 7.
  22. ^ Migdał, Piotr (2010). "A mathematical model of the Mafia game". arXiv:1009.1031 [math.PR].
  23. ^ Batcheller, Archer L.; Hilligoss, Brian; Nam, Kevin; Rader, Emilee; Rey-Babarro, Marta; Zhou, Xiaomu (2007). "Testing the technology: playing games with video conferencing Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems". Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Man Factors in Computing Systems: 849. doi:x.1145/1240624.1240751. ISBN978-ane-59593-593-nine. S2CID 5230409.
  24. ^ a b McCarthy, C (24 Apr 2009). "Why do young techies want to be werewolves?". CNET News.
  25. ^ Cross, D. (June 2005). "Mafia Party EXTRA TIPS". Vice Magazine. Archived from the original on 2008-11-xx.
  26. ^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York. p. 245. ISBN978-0-676-97827-8. the emotional authenticity of the alliances, the felt pleasure of trusting another, is startlingly, frighteningly real. Yous and George against the Mafia – merely so the quick nightly shadow intrudes: What if George is the Mafia? Nonetheless the proper suspicions, though they ascent, rarely override these instant bonds.
  27. ^ Salen, K; Zimmerman, E. (October 2003). Rules of play: game blueprint fundamentals (illustrated ed.). MIT Press. pp. 468–469. ISBN978-0-262-24045-one.
  28. ^ a b For example, Bezier Games' Ultimate Werewolf Sorcerer [ permanent expressionless link ] has the ability to observe the Seer function. (The magician is granted different powers in other rule-sets, like Princeton Academy's, in which the Wizard has the ability to discover the Seer.) Whatever proper noun this role is known by, the Detective-detector is typically aligned with the Mafia (for case, see: "9 Player Werewolf Evil team". 2005. )
  29. ^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). "Fourth Thanksgiving: Propensities". Through the Children's Gate: A Dwelling house in New York. pp. 242–253. ISBN978-0-676-97827-eight.
  30. ^ "Mafia (con)". Archived from the original on 2007-11-eighteen. Retrieved 2007-12-20 . Knight Commandant / Sheriff – a townsperson who investigates mafia members
  31. ^ Cross, D. (June 2005). "Mafia Party THE SETUP". Vice Magazine. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20.
  32. ^ "Name: Naive Cop". Archived from the original on 2007-02-27. Retrieved 2007-12-16 . Description: A type of cop that always gets innocent results regardless of who they investigate
  33. ^ a b c d e f "Characters from the New Moon expansion fix". Wired UK. 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-13 .
  34. ^ "Various Mafia Roles: Third Party Roles: Arsonist & Firefighter". Archived from the original on 2007-02-xx.
  35. ^ A typical Traitor-type role is the Possessed Special Graphic symbol from "The LUPUS IN TABULA (2nd edition) rules". Archived from the original on 2005-12-24.
  36. ^ Fraade-Blanar, 50. (2001-x-26). "Mafia game indulges fantasy, avoids jail term". The Johns Hopkins News-Letter of the alphabet. I person out of the circle finds themselves tapped twice, making them the stool pigeon. He must inform the townspeople, i.e. everyone who was non tapped, of the identity of the Mafia members while non being killed himself... The game shows a historical disharmonize between the accusers and the accused. Information technology could well be the Europeans accusing witches [ permanent dead link ]
  37. ^ The Witch for example has this ability in Bezier'southward game "Ultimate WereWolf"
  38. ^ a b c "Characters". Wired UK. January 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-13 .
  39. ^ The Psychiatrist can 'cure' the Serial Killer co-ordinate to the Pub Game rules: "Serial Killer". . When 'the psychiatrist' is in play, the Serial Killer may exist The Psychopath, equally in: "Proper noun: Psychiatrist (Various Mafia Roles: Third Party at MafiaScum.net)". Archived from the original on 2007-02-27.
  40. ^ For example, Ultimate Werewolf Masons [ permanent expressionless link ] recognize ane another from the beginning night.
  41. ^ Spadaccini, S. (September 2005). The Big Book of Rules. Plume. ISBN978-0-452-28644-three.
  42. ^ As in the Mafia Games setup described by group-games.com, requiring only mafiosi, constabulary, a doctor, and the townspeople. Or, a elementary version using only citizens, mafia, and detectives, as described in: Toone, M. (July 2009). Great Games!. MVT Games. p. 41. ISBN978-0-9798345-five-four. The detectives now guess who they think might be one of the Mafia -no talking allowed, they merely point to one person.
  43. ^ "Werewolf: Extra Materials". Wired Magazine . Retrieved 2010-06-xiii . Optional rule: if the Lovers dice and Cupid is still alive, Cupid chooses a new set of lovers.
  44. ^ The Cupid card in Bezier Game's Ultimate Werewolf, for instance.
  45. ^ Alternatively, they may have a vote, but be mandated to always vote against eliminations, equally is the Village Ethicist [ permanent dead link ]
  46. ^ "Character references". Wired United kingdom. 2010-01-29. Retrieved 2010-06-14 .
  47. ^ "Mafia variant: President". described past MafiaSpiel.de, for case.
  48. ^ A role introduced in Ted Alspach's 2010 Ultimate Werewolf: Classic Movie Monsters.
  49. ^ "Common Mafia Roles". Retrieved 2010-06-14 . – The Silencer is typically aligned with them and knows their identities, but (in some variants) in unknown to them, not participating in mafia killings.
  50. ^ The Priest alone knows whether the expressionless were innocent in the Earth Boardgaming Championships game described by Bruno Wolff in "Werewolf rules". Retrieved 2007-11-19 .
  51. ^ Lupus in Tabula (Werewolves at the Table) card listings
  52. ^ a b Toone, M. (July 2009). Great Games!: 175 Games & Activities for Families, Groups & Children. MVT Games. p. 42. ISBN978-0-9798345-5-four.
  53. ^ "The Original Mafia Rules". 1999. Archived from the original on 1999-03-02. Retrieved 2010-06-15 . Accusations may happen any number of times during the word...once in a while, someone should advise to have a Mafia Night. If the majority of the players who are still in the game agrees, the Nighttime begins.
  54. ^ The random resolution is typical in academic models of Mafia. For example, run across: Yao, East. (2008). "A Theoretical Written report of Mafia Games". arXiv:0804.0071.
  55. ^ That a single mafioso wins against a unmarried surviving innocent in the day phase is a standard live-play rule, beingness a sub-case of the dominion that a numerical equality is a Mafia victory
  56. ^ The 'dissever waking' method of designating victims is used in the official "Mayday". Archived from the original on 2007-11-thirteen. rules, for instance. (This is a Soviet Marriage-themed variant with other expanded rules, released nether Creative Commons licensing.)
  57. ^ "Mafia and Werewolves". Note – This variant was performed with great success on November 12, 1998 – From the former Princeton variant rules.
  58. ^ vii-0-7, Jon Bennett "Mafia Advanced Rules" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-10. Boosted rules created past Jon Bennett, accustomed in local Mafia circles.
  59. ^ "CISRA Puzzle Competition – Quantum Werewolf". Puzzle.cisra.com.au. 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-16 .
  60. ^ "Train Mafia". Copenhagen Game Collective. 2009-09-27. Retrieved 2011-04-11 .
  61. ^ "Invisible Metropolis: Rebels vs. Spies". Human-Figurer Interaction Grouping, University of Patras, Hellenic republic. 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-06-27. Retrieved 2012-xi-21 .
  62. ^ "Boondocks of Salem: 5 All-time Roles To Play (& 5 Worst)". TheGamer. 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2019-09-05 .
  63. ^ "Indie Smash Hitting Town of Salem Gets New Expansion: The Coven". www.gamasutra.com . Retrieved 2019-09-05 .
  64. ^ "MAFIA - XKCD Wiki". wiki.xkcd.com. Archived from the original on 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2015-09-19 .
  65. ^ "Epicmafia - Lobby". epicmafia.com . Retrieved 2015-09-19 .
  66. ^ Bi X., Tanaka T. (2016) Human-Side Strategies in the Werewolf Game Against the Stealth Werewolf Strategy. In: Plaat A., Kosters W., van den Herik J. (eds) Computers and Games. CG 2016. Lecture Notes in Computer science, vol 10068. Springer, Cham
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External links [edit]

  • The original Mafia ruleset
  • Hungarian Mensa Society – first Mafia-related page on the Internet
  • Werewolf at BoardGameGeek
  • The Princeton ruleset

whitegress1952.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_(party_game)

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